Optical waveguide and luminaire incorporating same

ABSTRACT

An optical waveguide includes a body of optically transmissive material having a width substantially greater than an overall thickness thereof. The body of material has a first side, a second side opposite the first side, and a plurality of interior bores extending between the first and second sides each adapted to receive a light emitting diode. Extraction features are disposed on the second side and the extraction features direct light out of at least the first side and at least one extraction feature forms a taper disposed at an outer portion of the body.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/758,660, filed Jan. 30, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide” and owned by the assignee of the present application.

REFERENCE REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable

SEQUENTIAL LISTING

Not applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present inventive subject matter relates to optical waveguides, and more particularly to optical waveguides for general lighting.

2. Background of the Invention

An optical waveguide mixes and directs light emitted by one or more light sources, such as one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). A typical optical waveguide includes three main components: one or more coupling elements, one or more distribution elements, and one or more extraction elements. The coupling component(s) direct light into the distribution element(s), and condition the light to interact with the subsequent components. The one or more distribution elements control how light flows through the waveguide and is dependent on the waveguide geometry and material. The extraction element(s) determine how light is removed by controlling where and in what direction the light exits the waveguide.

When designing a coupling optic, the primary considerations are: maximizing the efficiency of light transfer from the source into the waveguide; controlling the location of light injected into the waveguide; and controlling the angular distribution of the light in the coupling optic. One way of controlling the spatial and angular spread of injected light is by fitting each source with a dedicated lens. These lenses can be disposed with an air gap between the lens and the coupling optic, or may be manufactured from the same piece of material that defines the waveguide's distribution element(s). Discrete coupling optics allow numerous advantages such as higher efficiency coupling, controlled overlap of light flux from the sources, and angular control of how the injected light interacts with the remaining elements of the waveguide. Discrete coupling optics use refraction, total internal reflection, and surface or volume scattering to control the distribution of light injected into the waveguide.

After light has been coupled into the waveguide, it must be guided and conditioned to the locations of extraction. The simplest example is a fiber-optic cable, which is designed to transport light from one end of the cable to another with minimal loss in between. To achieve this, fiber optic cables are only gradually curved and sharp bends in the waveguide are avoided. In accordance with well-known principles of total internal reflectance light traveling through a waveguide is reflected back into the waveguide from an outer surface thereof, provided that the incident light does not exceed a critical angle with respect to the surface.

In order for an extraction element to remove light from the waveguide, the light must first contact the feature comprising the element. By appropriately shaping the waveguide surfaces, one can control the flow of light across the extraction feature(s). Specifically, selecting the spacing, shape, and other characteristic(s) of the extraction features affects the appearance of the waveguide, its resulting distribution, and efficiency.

Hulse U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,714 discloses a waveguide bend element configured to change a direction of travel of light from a first direction to a second direction. The waveguide bend element includes a collector element that collects light emitted from a light source and directs the light into an input face of the waveguide bend element. Light entering the bend element is reflected internally along an outer surface and exits the element at an output face. The outer surface comprises beveled angular surfaces or a curved surface oriented such that most of the light entering the bend element is internally reflected until the light reaches the output face

Parker et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,751 discloses a light emitting panel assembly that comprises a transparent light emitting panel having a light input surface, a light transition area, and one or more light sources. Light sources are preferably embedded or bonded in the light transition area to eliminate any air gaps, thus reducing light loss and maximizing the emitted light. The light transition area may include reflective and/or refractive surfaces around and behind each light source to reflect and/or refract and focus the light more efficiently through the light transition area into the light input surface of the light emitting panel. A pattern of light extracting deformities, or any change in the shape or geometry of the panel surface, and/or coating that causes a portion of the light to be emitted, may be provided on one or both sides of the panel members. A variable pattern of deformities may break up the light rays such that the internal angle of reflection of a portion of the light rays will be great enough to cause the light rays either to be emitted out of the panel or reflected back through the panel and emitted out of the other side.

Shipman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,532,871 discloses a combination running light reflector having two light sources, each of which, when illuminated, develops light that is directed onto a polished surface of a projection. The light is reflected onto a cone-shaped reflector. The light is transversely reflected into a main body and impinges on prisms that direct the light out of the main body.

Simon U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,201 discloses various embodiments of architectural lighting that is distributed from contained radially collimated light. A quasi-point source develops light that is collimated in a radially outward direction and exit means of distribution optics direct the collimated light out of the optics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide includes a body of optically transmissive material having a width substantially greater than an overall thickness thereof. The body of material has a first side, a second side opposite the first side, and a plurality of interior bores extending between the first and second sides each adapted to receive a light emitting diode. Extraction features are disposed on the second side and the extraction features direct light out of at least the first side and at least one extraction feature forms a taper disposed at an outer portion of the body.

According to another aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide assembly comprises a plurality of waveguides each including a body of optically transmissive material having a width substantially greater than an overall thickness thereof and including a first side, a second side opposite the first side and extraction features on the second side. At least one of the waveguides includes an interior recess extending between the first and second sides and is adapted to receive a light emitting diode. The extraction features are adapted to direct light out of at least one of the first and second sides and at least one extraction feature is disposed at an outer portion of each body.

According to a still further aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide luminaire includes a plurality of modular tiles. Each tile includes a planar waveguide body having a first surface, a plurality of interior recesses disposed in the planar body, and LEDs extending into the plurality of interior recesses. Light diverters are disposed in the plurality of interior recesses and are adapted to direct light developed by the LEDs transversely into the waveguide body. Extraction features are disposed in the first face surface and adapted to extract light out of the first surface. The optical waveguide luminaire further includes a frame for retaining the plurality of modular tiles in fixed relationship with respect to one another.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a first end of a first lamp incorporating a waveguide according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a first end elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a second end of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a second end devotional view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is an exploded isometric first end view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is an exploded isometric second end view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a sectional isometric view of the lamp of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is an interior isometric view of the waveguide of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is an interior elevational view of the waveguide of FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the waveguide of FIG. 1 taken generally along the lines 11-11 of FIG. 10;

FIG. 11A is a view identical to FIG. 11 identifying sample dimensions of the waveguide of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 11B and 11C are isometric views of non-circular and asymmetric waveguides respectively;

FIG. 11D is a diagrammatic elevational view of an asymmetric waveguide;

FIGS. 11E and 11F are cross sectional views taken generally along the lines 11E-11E and 11F-11F, respectively, of FIG. 11D;

FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a first end of a second lamp incorporating a waveguide according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a first end elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a first side elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 is a second side elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIG. 16 is a second end isometric view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIG. 17 is a second end elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIG. 18 is an exploded isometric first end view of the lamp of FIG. 12;

FIGS. 18A and 18B are isometric views of a further lamp;

FIG. 18C is an exploded isometric view of yet another lamp;

FIG. 18D is a side elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 18C as assembled;

FIG. 18E is a front elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 18D;

FIG. 18F is a bottom elevational view of the lamp of FIG. 18D;

FIG. 18G is a top plan view of the lamp of FIG. 18D;

FIGS. 19, 19A and 20-25 are cross sectional views similar to FIG. 11 of further embodiments of waveguides according to the present invention;

FIGS. 26-29 are elevational views of still further embodiments of waveguides according to the present invention;

FIG. 30 is a side elevational view, partly in section, of yet another embodiment of a luminaire including a waveguide according to the present invention;

FIG. 31 is a view identical to FIG. 11 of a further waveguide according to the present invention;

FIG. 32 is a sectional and first side isometric view of the waveguide of FIG. 31;

FIG. 33 is a sectional and second side isometric view of the waveguide of FIG. 31;

FIG. 34 is a sectional view identical to FIG. 31 identifying sample dimensions of the waveguide thereof;

FIG. 35 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of the waveguide of FIG. 34 seen generally at the lines 35-35 of FIG. 34;

FIGS. 36-38 are isometric, plan and sectional views, respectively, of a further embodiment of an optical waveguide;

FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram of a driver circuit suitable for developing power for the LED(s) of FIGS. 1-8;

FIGS. 40-42 are isometric, plan, and fragmentary sectional views, respectively, of yet another optical waveguide;

FIG. 43 is a side elevational view with portions broken away of a lamp incorporating a waveguide;

FIGS. 44A-44D are a top isometric view, a bottom isometric view, a side elevational view, and a plan view, respectively, of the light assembly of FIG. 43;

FIGS. 45A and 45B are exploded isometric views of the light assembly of FIG. 43;

FIG. 45C is a view similar to FIG. 43 illustrating an alternative lamp incorporating a waveguide;

FIG. 46 is a diagrammatic isometric view of an optical waveguide arrangement;

FIG. 47 is a diagrammatic sectional view taken generally along the lines 47-47 of FIG. 46;

FIG. 47A is an enlarged, sectional view illustrating the extraction features of one the waveguides of FIG. 47;

FIG. 48 is a diagrammatic isometric view of a further waveguide arrangement;

FIG. 49 is a diagrammatic isometric view of another embodiment of an optical waveguide;

FIGS. 50 and 51 are sectional views taken generally along the lines 50-50 and 51-51, respectively, of FIG. 49;

FIG. 52 is a diagrammatic isometric view of yet another embodiment of an optical waveguide;

FIG. 53 is a sectional view taken generally along the lines 53-53 of FIG. 52;

FIG. 54 is an diagrammatic isometric view of a still further waveguide arrangement;

FIG. 55 is a sectional view taken generally along the lines 55-55 of FIG. 54;

FIGS. 56 and 57 are cross sectional view of further waveguide embodiments;

FIG. 58 is an isometric view of a tile lighting structure;

FIG. 59 is a cross sectional view taken generally along the lines 59-59 of FIG. 58;

FIG. 60 is an isometric view of a luminaire incorporating multiple tile structures of FIGS. 58 and 59;

FIGS. 61 and 62 are isometric views of a streetlight and a high bay luminaire, respectively, in which any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be used;

FIG. 63 is an isometric view of a lighting structure using interior-lit and side-lit waveguides; and

FIG. 64 is a cross sectional view taken generally along the lines 64-64 of FIG. 63.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring first to FIGS. 1-8, a lamp 40 includes a base 42 at which an Edison-style plug 44 is disposed. Extending away from the base 42 is a central body 46. Four arms 48 a-18 d extend away from the central body 46. A light assembly 50 is disposed on ends of the arms 48 a-48 d and is secured thereto by any suitable means, such as three screws 51 or other fasteners (shown in FIGS. 5 and 7) that extend through holes in the ends of the arms 48 a-48 c into threaded bores of the light assembly 50.

As seen in FIGS. 6 and 8, the light assembly 50 includes a base element in the form of a heat exchanger 52 having a central recess 54 defined by a base surface 56 and a tapered circumferential wall 58. The heat exchanger 52 is made of any suitable heat conductive material, such as aluminum, and includes a plurality of heat exchanger fins 59 (FIGS. 3-7) on a side thereof opposite the central recess 54. Further, if desired, the base surface 56 and/or the tapered circumferential wall 58 may be covered or coated by a reflective material, which may be a white material or a material that exhibits specular reflective characteristics. A light source that may include one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) 60 (seen in FIG. 8) is mounted on a support member 62 comprising a heat conductive substrate, such as a metal circuit board, and extends beyond the base surface 56. The LED 60 may be a white LED or may comprise multiple LEDs either mounted separately or together on a single substrate or package including a phosphor-coated LED either alone or in combination with a color LED, such as a green LED, etc. In those cases where a soft white illumination is to be produced, the light source 60 typically includes a blue shifted yellow LED and a red LED. Different color temperatures and appearances could be produced using other LED combinations, as is known in the art. In one embodiment, the light source comprises any LED, for example, an MT-G LED incorporating TrueWhite® LED technology as developed and manufactured by Cree, Inc., the assignee of the present application. In any of the embodiments disclosed herein the LED(s) may each have a directional emission distribution (e.g., a side emitting or other distribution or a lambertian distribution), as necessary or desirable.

The light source 60 is operated by control circuitry 64 in the form of a driver circuit (seen in FIG. 8) disposed in the central body 46 that receives AC power via the Edison-style plug. The control circuitry 64 may be potted within the central body 46. Wires or conductors extend through one or more of the arms 48 a-48 d from the control circuitry 64 to the light source 60. In the illustrated embodiment, wires extend through the arm 48 d into the light assembly 50. A cover 66 (FIG. 5) may be disposed in or over the arm 48 d to provide a passage for the wires. The control circuitry 64 is designed to operate the light source 60 with AC, or DC power in a desired fashion to produce light of a desired intensity and appearance. The heat exchanger 52 is preferably arranged to eliminate thermal crosstalk between the LEDs and the control circuitry. Preferably, the light source 60 develops light appropriate for general illumination purposes including light similar or identical to that provided by an incandescent, halogen, or other lamp that may be incorporated in a down light, a light that produces a wall washing effect, a task light, a troffer, or the like.

A waveguide 70 has a main body of material 71 (FIG. 11) having a width substantially greater than an overall thickness thereof and is substantially or completely circular in a dimension transverse to the width and thickness (FIG. 2). The waveguide 70 is disposed in contact with the base surface 56 and the tapered circumferential wall 58 and is located by four location pins 72 a-72 d (FIG. 7) that are disposed in corresponding blind bores 74 a-74 d (only the bores 74 b-74 d are visible in FIGS. 6 and 8). In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguide 70 includes a first or outer side or surface 70 a, a second opposite inner side or surface 70 b, and an interior coupling cavity comprising a central bore 76 that in the illustrated embodiment extends fully through the waveguide 70 from the first side to the second side. Also in the illustrated embodiment, the walls defining the central bore 76 are normal to the first and second sides 71 a, 71 b of the waveguide 70 and the central bore 76 is coaxial with an outer surface of the main body of material 71. In all the embodiments disclosed herein, the central bore is preferably polished and optically smooth. Also preferably, the light source 60 extends into the central bore 76 from the second side thereof. Also in the illustrated embodiment, a light diverter of any suitable shape and design, such as a conical plug member 78 extends into the central bore 76 from the first side thereof. Referring specifically to FIGS. 7 and 8, in the illustrated embodiment, the conical plug member 78 includes a base flange 80 that is secured by any suitable means, such as an adhesive, to an outer surface of the waveguide 70 such that a conical portion 82 extends into the central bore 76. If desired, the base flange 80 may be omitted and the outer diameter of the plug member may be slightly greater than the diameter of the bore 76 whereupon the plug member 78 may be press fitted or friction fitted into the bore 76 and/or secured by adhesive or other means. Still further, if desired, the conical plug member 78 may be integral with the waveguide 70 (see FIG. 47) rather than being separate therefrom. Further, the light source 60 may be integral with the waveguide 70, if desired. In the illustrated embodiment, the plug member 78 may be made of white polycarbonate or any other suitable material, such as acrylic, molded silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Delrin® acetyl resin, or any suitable metal. The material may be coated with reflective silver or other metal or material using any suitable application methodology, such as a vapor deposition process. The plug member 78 may be any other suitable shape, including a symmetric or asymmetric shape, as desired. For example, the plug member may be non-conical and may have a substantially flat shape, a segmented shape, an inclined shape to direct light out a particular side of the lamp 40, etc.

The waveguide 70 may be secured in any suitable fashion and by any suitable means to the heat exchanger 52. In the illustrated embodiment, a ring member 90 is retained on surfaces of the heat exchanger 52 such that ribs 92 of the heat exchanger 52 are disposed in recesses 94 of the ring member 90. This securement is accomplished by the screws 51, which may extend into threaded bosses (not shown) carried on an inner surface of the ring member 90. In addition the ring member 90 bears against that outer surface of the waveguide 70 so that the waveguide 70 is secured in place.

In the illustrated embodiment the lamp 40 has a size and outer envelope equivalent to a PAR 38 lamp, and can be used in any luminaire that can accommodate same. It should be noted that the lamp 40 could be made larger or smaller to fit inside other luminaries and/or to satisfy particular lighting requirements. One example of a luminaire with which the lamp 40 could be used is a downlight mounted, for example, in a ceiling. In such a case, the plug 44 of the lamp 40 is screwed into an Edison-style socket in the luminaire such that the light source 60 points downwardly (i.e., the lamp 40 is oriented opposite to the orientation of FIG. 3 such that the plug 44 is above the waveguide 70.) FIG. 11 illustrates the waveguide 70 in such orientation with the light source 60 disposed above the plug member 78. When the light source 60 is energized, light developed by the source 60 travels within the bore 76 and reflects off the surface of the conical portion 82. Preferably, the conical portion 82 is made of or the surface is coated with a white or specular material that is highly reflective such that the great majority of light incident thereon (preferably, although not necessarily, greater than 95%) is reflected into the waveguide 70 in a generally transverse direction along the width of the body of material 71. Examples of such reflected light rays are shown in FIG. 11. Alternatively, the plug member 78 may be partially or fully transparent or translucent, as desired, to allow at least some light to be transmitted therethrough (for example, at least about 5% of the light may be transmitted through the plug member 78). In any event, the spacing, number, size and geometry of extraction features 100 determine the mixing and distribution of light in the waveguide 70 and light exiting the waveguide 70. In the illustrated embodiment, the extraction features 100 comprise a series of ridges separated by intervening troughs at least some of which define one or more inverted V-shapes. Also in the illustrated embodiment, the extraction features 100 are continuous (i.e., they extend fully in a continuous manner about the central bore 76), are coaxial with the central bore, and therefore symmetric about the central axis of the central bore 76. In addition to the foregoing, the waveguide 70 is tapered from the center of the waveguide to an outside edge in the sense that there is less material at the radially outside edges of the waveguide than at the center. Such tapering may be effectuated by providing extraction features that become deeper and/or are more widely separated with distance from the center of the waveguide, as noted in greater detail hereinafter. The tapering maximizes the possibility that substantially all the light introduced into the waveguide 70 is extracted over a single pass of the light through the waveguide. This results in substantially all of the light striking the radially outward surfaces of the extraction features 100, which are carefully controlled so that the extraction of light is also carefully controlled. The combination of tapering with the arrangement of extraction features and use of efficient coupling components including the plug member 78 disposed in the bore 76 with the light source 60 together result in improved color mixing with minimum waveguide thickness and excellent control over the emitted light.

In the illustrated embodiment, the light emitted out the waveguide 70 is mixed such that point sources of light in the source 60 are not visible to a significant extent and the emitted light is controlled and collimated to a high degree.

In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguide is made of optical grade acrylic, polycarbonate, molded silicone, glass, or any other optical grade material and, in one example, has the dimensions noted in the following table and as seen in FIG. 11A. It should be noted that the dimensions in the following table as exemplary only and not limiting (several of the dimensions are taken with respect to a center line 101 (FIG. 11A) of the waveguide 70):

TABLE 1 NOMINAL DIMENSION REFERENCE (Millimeters - unless (FIG. 11A) otherwise specified) A 48.500 B 43.600 C 38.100 D 35.100 E 33.100 F 29.700 G 28.700 H 25.500 I 21.000 J 17.000 K 12.700 L 8.000 M 6.000 N 5.000 P 8.000 Q 132.8° R 241.7° S 70.7° T 58.8° U 51.5° V 50.6° W 46.4° X 47.1° Y 56.2° Z 42.3° AA 4.000 AB 5.000 AC 1.500 AD 5.000 AE 1.000 AF 4.000 AG 0.500 AH 4.000 AI 4.000 AJ 4.000 AK 4.000 AL 2.000

Front the foregoing dimensions one can calculate extraction feature aspect ratios as follows: Aspect Ratio=Width of ridge/Greatest height extent of ridge  (1) Using the foregoing equation, one can calculate (at least approximately) aspect ratios AR1, AR2, and AR3 of various extraction features EF1, EF2, and EF3 denoted in FIG. 11A as follows: AR1=(C−E)/(AB−AC)=(38.1−33.1)/(5.0−1.5)=5.0/3.5=1.43  (2) AR2=(H−I)/AI=(25.5−21.0)/4.0=4.5/4.0=1.125  (3) AR3=(K−L)/AK=(12.7−8.0)/4.0=4.7/4=1.175  (4)

In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguide 70 may be designed to create a beam angle that preferably is between less than about 5 degrees to greater than 60 degrees, and more preferably is between about 5 degrees and about 50 degrees and most preferably between about 6 degrees and about 40 degrees. The beam peak can either be centered in the nadir (as in a PAR application) or off-center (as in an outdoor application). The beam angle and/or peak can be controlled through appropriate design of the waveguide 70. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 11A, the beam angle is about 12 degrees.

In any of the embodiment disclosed herein, the extraction features may be similar or identical to one another in shape, size, and/or pitch, or may be different from one another in any one or more of these parameters, as desired.

If desired, the extraction features 100 may be other than circular, asymmetric and/or discontinuous. FIG. 11B illustrates a racetrack-shaped waveguide 70 a with racetrack-shaped extraction features 100 a, FIG. 11C shows a circular waveguide 70 b with asymmetric and discontinuous extraction features 100 b. An asymmetric plug member 78 a that may be used with the waveguide 70 b is illustrated in FIG. 11C. Asymmetric extraction features may be used with or without an asymmetric plug member to obtain multiple beam distributions. For example, as seen in FIG. 11D, a first set of discrete extraction features 100 b disposed in discrete boundaries 100 b-1 through 100 b-6 may direct light toward a first direction and at least a second set of extraction features 100 c disposed in discrete boundaries 100 c-1 through 100 c-8 may direct light toward at least a second direction with each of the at least two directed beams having substantially identical or different beam widths and/or intensities. FIGS. 11E and 11F illustrate different extraction features that may accomplish this result. In a still further example seen in FIGS. 36-38 the extraction features 100 may comprise a plurality of discrete prisms 102 formed in a lower surface (as seen in FIGS. 33-39) of a waveguide main body 103 and arranged in concentric rings. As in the previous embodiment, the light source 60 and the plug member 78 extend into a central bore 76. The waveguide main body 103 is disposed on a substrate 104 that may have a reflective coating thereon and light developed by the light source 60 is diverted transversely into the main body 103 and is emitted out a surface 105 by the prisms 102. The prisms may be identical or not identical to one another. Preferably, the prisms face the coupling cavity comprising the central bore 76.

FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram of a driver circuit 110 suitable for developing power for the LED(s) and which may be used as the circuitry 64. The driver circuit 110 is an I²C control that includes an integrated circuit IC 112. The IC 112 and other circuitry operate as a constant current source. The circuit 110 further includes a full-wave rectifier circuit including diodes D1-D4 coupled to a capacitor C1 and filter elements comprising inductors L1 and L2 and a capacitor C2. A diode D5 effectuates unidirectional charging of the capacitor C. The circuit 110 operates as a two-stage regulation circuit that is capable of operating two sets of LEDs 113 a, 113 b in a controllable dimming fashion in response to a dimming command signal SDA delivered to an input of the IC 112 by a dimmer (not shown), in the illustrated embodiment, each of the LEDs 113 a is capable of developing white light, and each of the LEDs 113 h is capable of producing temperature-compensated red light that adds warmth to the white light developed by the LEDs 113 a. The two sets of LEDs 113 a, 113 b may be disposed on a single substrate or may be disposed on multiple substrates, as desired.

Two transistors Q1 and Q2 implement the two stage regulation circuit and are operated together with a third transistor Q3 to control the current through the LEDs 113. A diode D6 isolates the transistors Q1 and Q2 from one another. The IC 112 is also responsive to a signal SCL that is factory set and commands a specific maximum constant current magnitude for the LEDs 113. The IC 112 implements a soft-switching controllable boost and buck converter for dimming of the LED(s) 113 that produces low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and no 120 Hz. AC component in the DC power that is supplied to the LEDs 113.

The balance of the circuit 110 includes a voltage divider including resistors R1 and R2 wherein a junction between the resistors R1 and R2 is coupled to an input of the IC 112. A thermistor R3 is disposed in heat transfer relationship with the LEDs 113 b and provides a thermal sensing signal that is fed back to an input of the IC 112 whereby the IC 112 regulates the power delivered to the LEDs 113 b in dependence upon the sensed temperature to effectuate the temperature compensation of the LEDs 113 b. In addition a resistor R4 pulls an input of the IC 112 down when the transistor Q1 is off and a resistor R5 couples a Power_In input of the IC 112 to a DC bus 116. In the illustrated embodiment, the driver circuit 110 is mounted on a single circuit board and is compatible with a wide range of dimmers.

Any other suitable driver circuit may be used as the circuitry 64.

Referring next to FIGS. 12-18, a second embodiment of a lamp 140 is shown. The lamp 140 is intended for use in luminaries that can accommodate PAR 30 bulbs. The lamp 140 includes a base 142 at which an Edison-style plug 144 is disposed. Extending away from the base 142 is a cap 145 (FIG. 18) and a central body 146. The cap 145 is secured in any suitable fashion to the central body 146, such as by ultrasonic welding. Four arms 148 a-148 d extend away from the central body 146. A light assembly 150 is disposed on ends of the arms 148 a-148 d and is secured thereto by any suitable means, such as four threaded fasteners 151 a-151 d that extend through associated bores in associated tabs 153 a-153 d carried by the central body 146 and into threaded bores (not seen in the FIGS.) of the light assembly 150.

As seen in FIG. 18, the light assembly 150 includes a base element in the form of a heat exchanger 152 having a central recess 154 defined by a base surface 156 and a tapered circumferential wall 158. The heat exchanger 152 is made of any suitable heat conductive material, such as aluminum, and includes a plurality of heat exchanger fins 159 on a side thereof opposite the central recess 154. Further, if desired, and as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-8, the base surface 156 and/or the tapered circumferential wall 158 may be covered or coated by a reflective material, which may be a white material or a material that exhibits specular reflective characteristics. A light source comprising one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) 160 that is identical or similar to the light source 60 seen in FIG. 8 is mounted on a support member (not seen, but which may be identical or similar to the member 62 described above comprising a heat conductive substrate, such as a metal circuit board), and extends beyond the base surface 156.

The light source 160 is operated by control circuitry (not shown, but which may be identical or similar to the circuitry 64 described above) disposed in the central body 146 that receives AC power via the Edison-style plug. As in the previous embodiment, the control circuitry may be potted in the central body 146. Wires or conductors extend through one or more of the arms 148 a-148 d from the control circuitry to the light source 160. As in the previous embodiment, preferably, the light source 160 develops light appropriate for general illumination purposes.

A waveguide 170 is disposed in contact with the base surface 156 and the tapered circumferential wall 158 and is located by four location pins 172 that are disposed in corresponding blind bores 174 (the pins and the bores are identical or similar to the pins 72 and bores of FIGS. 6 and 8). In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguide 170 is similar or identical to the waveguide 70 or any other waveguide disclosed herein, it being understood that the waveguide may alternatively be modified in accordance with the design details of the present invention. As in the previous embodiment, the light source 160 extends into a central bore 176 of the waveguide 170 from a second side thereof. Also in the illustrated embodiment, a conical plug member 178 is secured to the waveguide 170 by any suitable means, such as a press fit, friction fit, and/or adhesive, and extends into the central bore 176 from the first side thereof, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-8. Also as noted above, the conical plug member 178 may be integral with the waveguide 170 rather than being separate therefrom, (For example, sec FIG. 47, which illustrates that the plug member may be disposed completely within the central bore.) Further, the light source 160 may be integral with the waveguide 170, if desired.

The waveguide 170 may be secured in any suitable fashion and by any suitable means to the heat exchanger 152. In the illustrated embodiment, a ring member 190 similar or identical to the ring member 90 is secured to surfaces of the heat exchanger 152 and is retained thereon such that ribs 192 of the heat exchanger 152 are disposed in recesses 194 of the ring member 190 (FIG. 18). In addition the ring member 190 bears against that outer surface of the waveguide 170 so that the waveguide 170 is secured in place.

As in the previous embodiment, the lamp 140 can be used for general illumination, such as in a downlight or other luminaire, and achieves the advantages noted with respect to the previous embodiment.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show yet another lamp 195 suitable for general illumination purposes. The lamp 195 may be of a size suitable for use as a PAR 30 lamp. The lamp 195 is substantially similar to the lamp 140 and includes two main arms 196 a, 196 b secured to a heat exchanger assembly including open fin structures 197 secured to a lower surface of a light assembly 198. The light assembly 198 includes the waveguide 170, or any other suitable waveguide, the light source 160, and the plug member 178 (or any other suitable light source and/or plug assembly). The light source 160 is mounted on a circuit board substrate that is intimately thermally coupled to the heat exchanger assembly by one or more rings 198 a. Control circuitry (not shown) is disposed within a central body 199 and is connected to control the light source 160 by one or more wires that extend though one or both of the arms 196 a, 196 b. The open fin arrangement of the heat exchanger assembly and the intimate thermal coupling of the light source 160 to the heat exchanger assembly may allow improved thermal management such that the lamp 195 might be usable in enclosed installations.

FIGS. 18C-18G show a still further lamp 195 a suitable for general illumination purposes. The lamp 195 a may be of a size suitable for use as a PAR 30 lamp. The lamp 195 a is substantially similar to the lamp 140 and includes three main arms 196 c, 196 d, 196 e carried by a cup-shaped member 196 f and secured to a heat exchanger assembly including open fin structures 197 a secured to a lower surface of a light assembly 198 a. The light assembly 198 a includes the waveguide 170, or any other suitable waveguide, the light source 160, and the plug member 178 (or any other suitable light source and/or plug assembly). The light source 160 is mounted on a circuit board substrate that is intimately thermally coupled to the heat exchanger assembly by one or more rings 198 b. Control circuitry (not shown) is disposed within a central body 199 a and is connected to control the light source 160 by one or more wires that extend though one or more of the arms 196 c-196 e. The open fin arrangement of the heat exchanger assembly and the intimate thermal coupling of the light source 160 to the heat exchanger assembly may allow improved thermal management such that the lamp 195 a might also be usable in enclosed installations.

Referring next to FIGS. 19-25, the waveguide can be modified to achieve other visual and/or optical characteristics. Specifically, the size, shape, other geometry, spacing, number, symmetry, and/or other physical characteristic(s) of the waveguide generally and/or the extraction features can be varied, as desired. Thus, FIG. 19 illustrates a waveguide 202 having an axial outer wall 203 and extraction features 204 comprising a plurality of ridges and troughs 205, 206. In this embodiment, the ridges 205 are unequally spaced, for example, the ridge 205 a is spaced a first distance from an adjacent ridge 205 b, the ridge 205 b is spaced a second, different distance from an adjacent ridge 205 c, and the ridge 205 c is spaced a third distance from an adjacent ridge 205 d. Further, the depths of the troughs 206 are different. Specifically, a depth of a trough 206 a is different than the depths of troughs 206 b, 206 c and 206 d. The shapes of one or more of the ridges 205 a, 205 h, 205 c, and 205 d can be different than other ridges. Also, a tapered surface 207 a may be disposed at a first angle and a tapered surface 207 b may be disposed at a second angle different than the first angle with respect to the first side of the waveguide. Alternatively, the pitch or spacings between troughs 205, the depths of the troughs 206, the angles of tapered surfaces 207, and the widths and shapes of the troughs 206 and/or the ridges 205 may be the same or different, as desired (compare FIG. 19 to subsequent FIGS.).

It should be also noted that less than all of the ridges 205 may be coterminous. Thus, for example, as seen in FIG. 19A, a ridge 205 a may be disposed at a different elevation (i.e., distance from the first side of the waveguide) than remaining ridges 205 b, 205 c and/or 205 d, which are coterminous.

FIG. 20 illustrates a waveguide 208 having an inclined outer surface 209 wherein the surface 209 linearly tapers from a second side or surface 210 to a first side or surface 211. Extraction features comprising a plurality of ridges 212 and troughs 213 are equally sized and spaced in a symmetric pattern about a central axis of the waveguide 208. FIG. 21 illustrates a waveguide 214 substantially or completely identical to the waveguide 208, with the exception that the outer surface 209 linearly tapers from the surface 211 to the surface 210. As should be evident from an inspection of FIGS. 20 and 21, the outer surface may be disposed at an acute angle with respect to one of the first and second sides of the waveguide and may be disposed at an obtuse angle with respect to another of the first and second sides.

FIG. 22 illustrates a waveguide 215 having a frustoconically-shaped first side including a first surface 217 that is tapered from a central bore 218 to the outer surface 216. The waveguide 215 includes equally spaced and equally sized ridges 219 and troughs 220 and an outer surface 216 that extends in an axial direction. A waveguide 222 shown in FIG. 23 is substantially or completely identical to the waveguide 215, with the exception that the waveguide 223 is substantially or completely inverted frustoconically shaped in that the first surface 223 is inversely linearly tapered from an outer surface 224 to a central bore 225 as compared to the embodiment of FIG. 22. Thus, the first side of the waveguide may be convex (as in FIG. 22) or concave (as in FIG. 23) at least in part.

FIG. 24 illustrates a waveguide 228 having a concave first surface at least in part and which is identical or similar to FIG. 23, with the exception that first and second sides or surfaces 229, 230 are curved. In the illustrated embodiment, the sides or surfaces 229, 230 converge with radial distance from a centerline of the waveguide 228 resulting in a tapered waveguide, although these surfaces may alternatively diverge or be equally spaced over the radial dimension thereof.

FIG. 25 illustrates a waveguide 232 having an axial outer surface 233, a first surface 234 and a second surface 235 that is generally parallel to the first surface 234. However, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 25, the plug member 78 is replaced by a total internal reflectance optical member 236 that is disposed within a central bore 237. The optical member 236 permits some light to pass from the light source 60 axially outwardly therethrough, and further reflects remaining light off of one or more surfaces of the optical member 236 into the waveguide in a transverse direction, as with the previous embodiments. While the embodiment of FIG. 25 may result in better efficiency, and may permit use of a smaller diameter waveguide, color mixing of light developed by the light source 60 may be adversely affected, and hence, the embodiment of FIG. 25 is preferably used with a single color light source 60 rather than one that attempts to duplicate a true-white appearance. Also, the embodiment of FIG. 25 may develop enough intensity to obtain a beam angle greater than or equal to 25° and may render the entire lamp simpler and cheaper. However, it may be that the intensity performance of the embodiment of FIG. 25 may be insufficient to permit development of an acceptable beam angle of less than 10°.

Still further alternate configurations of the waveguide are illustrated in FIGS. 26-29. FIG. 26 shows a waveguide 240 having an overall circular configuration having a plurality of extraction elements 242 and a star-shaped central bore 244 that may be substituted for the circular cylindrical bore of the waveguide 70. A complementarily-shaped plug member 246, which may also have a star shape, may be inserted into and retained within the star-shaped central bore 244. The plug number 246 may have a star-shaped tapered (i.e., conical) member that reflects light generated by a light source 60, or may have a circular conical reflective surface, or any other shaped reflective surface, as desired.

FIG. 27 illustrates an embodiment wherein a generally circular waveguide 248 includes a plurality of waveguide features 250 that surround a central axial bore 252 of circular cylindrical shape. The extraction features 250 may comprise a series of ridges 252 and troughs 254 wherein the ridges and troughs 252, 254 are approximately or substantially flower-shaped or comprise some other shape. The waveguide 248 may be used with the plug member 78, or another plug member as desired.

FIGS. 28 and 29 illustrate waveguides 260, 262, respectively, which are approximately or substantially rectangular or square. In the case of the waveguide 260 the extraction features 264 comprise ridges separated by intervening troughs 266 and the ridges and troughs are rectangular or square. Also in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 28, corners between the sections of the ridges and troughs are sharp and the ridges and troughs surround a circular cylindrical central bore 268. The plug member 78 may be used with the embodiment of FIG. 28, if desired.

FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment identical to FIG. 28, with the exception that the corners between adjacent sections of the ridges and troughs 264, 266 are rounded. Again, a circular cylindrical central bore may be provided and the plug number 78 may be used with the embodiment of FIG. 29.

It should be noted that, in an alternative embodiment, the waveguide can be designed to provide a beam angle that has a minimum transverse spread at a particular distance from the waveguide and larger transverse spreads at lesser and greater distances from the waveguide. More particularly, referring to FIG. 30, a lamp 340 identical to the lamp 40 and having a waveguide 370, which may be similar or identical to any of the waveguides described hereinabove in terms of material composition and overall geometry, may be designed to include extraction features that are preferably, although not necessarily, symmetric about a central axis of the waveguide. The extraction features may be different than the extraction features described above such that light rays emitted at radially outward portions of the waveguide 370 are directed axially inwardly and downwardly (as seen in 30), with the magnitude of the angle of inward direction being roughly or substantially proportional to the radial distance of emission of the light ray from the center of the waveguide 370. The resulting beam shape is such that a convergence region 373 is formed at a distance d from the outer surface of the waveguide. Light rays diverge at distances greater than d from the waveguide 370. This beam shape permits a trim ring 375 of an associated luminaire 377 to have a relatively small diameter aperture 379 but still have a significantly large illumination area beyond the distance d. The result is a reduction in visible glare because of the shielding effect provided by the trim ring 375 and a pleasing aesthetic appearance. In general, the size of the aperture 379 is preferably equal to or smaller than the size of the waveguide of the lamp 340, and, more preferably, the cross sectional size of the aperture 379 relative to the cross sectional size of the waveguide is between about 1:2 to about 1:4. The design of a waveguide that effectuates the foregoing is within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art given the disclosure herein.

FIGS. 31-35 illustrate yet another embodiment of a waveguide 370 in accordance with the present invention. The waveguide 370 may be used in place of any of the waveguides disclosed herein, such as the waveguide 170. The waveguide 370 includes four location pins 372 that are identical to the pins 72. In the illustrated embodiment, the light source 60 extends into a central bore 376 of the waveguide 370 from a second side 378 thereof. Also in the illustrated embodiment, a conical plug member (such as the plug member 78) is secured to the waveguide 370 by any suitable means, such as adhesive, and extends into the central bore 376 from a first side 380 thereof, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-8. Also as noted above, the conical plug member 78 may be integral with the waveguide 370 rather than being separate therefrom. Further, the light source 60 may be integral with the waveguide 370, if desired.

Also in the illustrated embodiment, the central bore 376 is not cylindrical, but instead comprises a tapered bore defined by twelve equally-sized facets 384. In the illustrated embodiment in which the waveguide 370 is made of an acrylic, the taper may be at an angle between about zero degrees and about 8 degrees. In other embodiments in which the waveguide is made of another material, such as polycarbonate or glass, the taper angle maximum may be other than 8 degrees without significantly adversely affecting efficiency. An extraction feature in the form of a groove 386 extends into the waveguide 370 from the first side 380. An outer tapered portion 388 includes first and second sections 390, 392 that meet at a junction 394 (FIG. 32). As in the previous embodiments, the waveguide 370 is made of optical grade acrylic and/or silicone and, in one example, has the dimensions noted in the following table and as seen in FIG. 34. It should be noted that the dimensions in the following table as exemplary only and not limiting (the dimension CB is the distance of the junction 394 from the center line 396 (FIG. 34) of the waveguide 370):

TABLE 2 NOMINAL DIMENSION REFERENCE (Millimeters - unless (FIG. 34) otherwise specified) CA 47.431 CB 44.789 CC 42.500 CD 39.500 CE 38.763 CF 34.105 CG 30.547 CH 28.475 CI 26.155 CJ 22.171 CK 18.203 CL 14.042 CM 11.658 CN  9.032 CO  7.348 CP  6.5000 CQ  5.000 CR 36.648 CS 34.922 CT  4.388 CU  7.000 CV  4.018 CW  3.365 CX  1.707 CY  2.926 CZ  3.000 DA  2.926 DB  2.926 DC  4.582 DD  5.525 DE  6.500 DF 47.4°  DG 45°  DH 45°  DI 47.3°  DJ 45.7°  DK 51.3°  DL 43.9°  DM 45.6°  DN 95°  DO 45°  DP 55.8°  DQ 134.1°   DR 49°  DS 55° 

From the foregoing dimensions one can calculate extraction feature aspect rations AR4, AR5, and AR6 at least approximately using the same equation (1) above for extraction features EF4, EF5, and EF6 in FIGS. 34 and 35 as follows: AR4=(CE−CG)/(CU−CY)=(38.763−30.547)/(7.000−2.926)−8.216/4.074=2.02  (5) AR5=(CI−CJ)/(CU−DB)=(26.155−22.171)/(7.000−2.926)=3.984/4.074=0.98  (6) AR6=(CN−CP)/(CU−DE)=(9.032−6.500)/(7.000−6.500)=2.532/0.500=5.064  (7)

As seen in the FIGS. and as calculated above in the equations (2)-(7), the extraction features EF1-EF6 range between aspect ratios of about 0.98 to about 5.064. Preferably, although not necessarily, the present invention contemplates the use of extraction features having aspect ratios that vary between about 0.25 and about 20, and more preferably between about 0.5 and about 10, and most preferably between about 0.75 and about 7.5.

An inspection of tables 1 and 2 above also indicates that, overall, the waveguides include extraction features that are deeper with distance from the center line of the waveguide. Thus, for example, as seen in FIG. 11A, the extraction feature dimension A1 is less than the dimensions AK-AF, and the latter dimensions are less than the dimensions AE and AB. The same holds true for the extraction features of FIG. 34. In the illustrated embodiments, the depth of the extraction features varies between a minimum in FIG. 34 of 0.5 mm to a maximum in FIG. 11A of 5 mm. Extraction feature depths are preferably expressed as a percentage of overall thickness because, in general, the maximum depth of the extraction features is only limited by the structural integrity of the remaining material. Each extraction feature preferably has a depth between about 5% to about 75% of the overall thickness of the waveguide 70 (the overall thickness is the top to bottom dimension as seen in FIGS. 11A and 34 at the wall defining the central bore) and, more preferably, a depth between about 7% and 67% of the overall thickness of the waveguide. Greater extraction feature depths might be achievable using stronger material(s) for the waveguide.

Still further, the spacings (i.e., pitch) between adjacent extraction features overall increases with distance from the center line (although not necessarily in every circumstance between adjacent extraction features having small or approximately equal aspect ratios). For example, the distances between ridges of the extraction features of FIGS. 11A and 34 are as follows:

TABLE 3 REFERENCE NOMINAL DIMENSION (FIG. 11A) (Millimeters) L-M 2.000 K-L 4.700 J-K 4.300 I-J 4.000 H-I 4.500 F-H 4.200 D-F 5.400 B-D 8.500

TABLE 4 REFERENCE NOMINAL DIMENSION (FIG. 34) (Millimeters) CO-CP 0.848 CN-CO 1.684 CM-CN 2.626 CL-CM 2.384 CK-CL 4.161 CJ-CK 3.968 CI-CJ 3.984 CH-CI 2.320 CF-CH 5.630 CD-CF 5.395

The spacing between adjacent extraction features may be as small as about 0.7 mm (or less) near the center line of the waveguide and may be 9 mm (or more) at the outer edges of the waveguide.

As in the embodiment of the waveguide shown in FIGS. 9-11, the waveguide 370 of FIG. 34 tapers from the center thereof to the edges in the sense that less material is disposed at the edges of the waveguide 70 than at the center. This fact, in combination with the particular design of the extraction features and the efficient coupling of light into the waveguide result in the improved color mixing, minimized thickness, and excellent control advantages noted above.

Referring next to FIGS. 40-42, a waveguide 410 is identical to the waveguide 370 with the following exceptions. Multiple lenslets 412 are arrayed across a surface 414. The lenslets 412 are identical in size and shape and are substantially equally spaced across the surface 414 inside the extraction feature 386, although this not need to be the case. Specifically, the lenslets could be unequally sized and/or spaced and/or shaped. In the illustrated embodiment, the lenslets 412 are circular in shape (although other shapes could be used, such as a polygonal shape) and convex (as seen in FIG. 41). Some or all of the lenslets 412 may be concave, if desired. In the preferred embodiment, each lenslet has a preferred range of aspect ratio of diameter to height of at least about 5:1 to about 60:1. In the illustrated embodiment, each lenslet is 0.1 mm in height and 4 mm in diameter and has a smooth exterior surface. In addition, two additional extraction features 416, 418 are provided radially outside the extraction feature 386. In the illustrated embodiment, the extraction features 416, 418 extend fully and continuously about the waveguide 410 and comprise upstanding annular ribs having smooth outer surfaces. The lenslets 412 and the extraction features 416, 418 contribute to desirable mixing of light and control over the emitted light while not contributing substantially to waveguide thickness.

A further lamp 500 that is shaped externally similar to a standard incandescent PAR 30 spotlight is illustrated in FIGS. 43-45. As seen in FIG. 43, the lamp 500 includes a base 502 including an Edison-style plug 504, a central body 505, and a cap member 506 made of light transmissive material, such as optical grade acrylic, polycarbonate, or silicone. A light assembly 507 is mounted in any suitable fashion within the central body 505 and is covered by the cap member 506. The cap member 506 is secured to the central body 505 in any suitable manner, such as adhesive, ultrasonic welding, or the like. The cap member 506 includes a smooth, curved outer surface 508. The outer surface 508 and/or an inner surface 509 of the cap member 506 are preferably, although not necessarily, coated with a material that diffuses light. Referring also to FIGS. 44A-44D, 45A, and 45B, the light assembly 507 includes a waveguide body 510 having extraction features 511 formed in one or both of inner and outer surfaces 512, 513, respectively, to obtain a waveguide 514, as in the previous embodiments. The inner surface 510 further includes an interior coupling cavity 515. Multiple light sources, such as multiple LEDs 516, are arranged on a cylindrical carrier 517 and are inserted into the coupling cavity 515. The LEDs receive power via the Edison-style plug 504 and a driver circuit mounted on one or more circuit boards 518 disposed in the central body 505 such that the LEDs 516 develop light that is directed radially outwardly into the waveguide body 510. Because the light developed by the LEDs is directed outwardly in the first instance, there is no need for a light diverter. Further, as seen in FIG. 45C, the waveguide body 510 may have a curved outer surface 513, if desired, to further mimic a conventional incandescent spotlight. The curved outer surface may be coated with a light-diffusing material, although this need not be the case. As also seen in FIG. 45C, the carrier 519 and the LEDs 516 may be disposed in a blind bore comprising the coupling cavity 515 in the waveguide body 510, as opposed to the through bore comprising the coupling cavity 515 of FIGS. 43-45B.

Referring again to FIGS. 44A-44D, 45A, and 45B, the lamp 500 advantageously utilizes the waveguide 514 to obtain a beam spread of a desired magnitude, for example, 10 degrees to mimic a narrow-beam incandescent spotlight, if desired. Specifically, the cylindrical carrier 517 includes multiple (in the illustrated embodiment ten) facets 519 a-519 j (FIGS. 44A and 44D) wherein two or another number of LEDs are mounted in each of the facets 519. The extraction features 511 in the inner surface 512 of the waveguide body 510 arrayed in an overall flower-shaped pattern including multiple sections 511 a-511 j each associated with one of the facets 519 a-519 j, respectively. Each section 511 a-511 j is disposed outside of the associated facet 519 a-519 j and includes nested curved extraction subsections (see, for example, subsections 551 f-1, 511 fa-2, . . . 511 f-N in FIG. 45B). The extraction subsections meet adjacent extraction subsections at inflection regions (see, e.g., inflection regions 520 a, 520 b, . . . , 520N in FIG. 45B). Also in the illustrated embodiment, a light extraction feature 521 comprising groove sections 521 a-521 j (FIG. 44D) are disposed in the outer surface 513. In the illustrated embodiment, each extraction subsection of each section 511 is coaxial with the LEDs carried by the associated facet 519. Light is extracted efficiently out of the waveguide body 510 by the curved subsections and the groove sections.

The waveguide body 510 and the carrier 517 with LEDs 516 are disposed within a reflecting backplane member 522 having a tapered surface 524 and a planar base surface 526. One or both of the interior surfaces are coated/covered with a reflective material, such as a specular reflective material or film or a white material or film. Light that escapes the inner surface 511 of the waveguide body 510 is thus reflected back into the waveguide body so that light is efficiently extracted out the outer surface 513. By suitably designing the extraction features that results in a tapered waveguide body 510 similar to the previous embodiments, one can obtain color mixing and light emission control as in the previous embodiments without utilizing a light diverter, such as the plug member 78.

It should be noted that any of the embodiments disclosed herein may utilize a reflective backplane member like the member 522, if desired. Also, the backplane 522 may have other than a planar base surface 526, such as a curved surface.

As seen in FIG. 45C, a heat exchanger 528 (diagrammatically shown) may be provided in thermal contact with the LEDs and may be disposed immediately below the backplane 522. The heat exchanger 528 can be arranged to eliminate thermal crosstalk between the LEDs and the driver circuit.

If desired, the waveguide body 510 can be modified to obtain a different beam spread, such as greater than 10 degrees. For example, the lamp may achieve a beam spread of 15 degrees, 25 degrees, or even up to 60 degrees, or any value in between.

Referring next to FIGS. 46 and 47, multiple waveguide bodies 700 a, 700 b, 700 c, . . . , 700N are disposed in a linear array arrangement. The waveguide bodies 700 a-700N may be identical to one another and may be integral with or joined to one another. Each of the waveguide bodies 700 may be similar or identical to any of the waveguide bodies described herein. Specifically, the waveguide bodies 700 may be square, rectangular, or another overall shape (such as circular, oval, racetrack shaped, etc.) and, as seen in FIG. 47A, each includes extraction features 701 that preferably extend fully about and are symmetric with respect to a center line 702, although the extraction features may be discontinuous and/or may be asymmetric. The profiles (i.e., the cross sectional shapes and sizes) and arrangement of the extraction features 701 may be similar or identical to the extraction features of FIG. 11A or 34 (the extraction features of FIG. 34 are shown in FIG. 47A). As seen in FIG. 46 the extraction features of each waveguide body may meet at square corners (like the extraction features of the waveguide body 700 a) or may meet at rounded corners (as in the extraction features of the waveguide body 700 b). As described previously, the extraction features 701 may result in each of the waveguide bodies 700 generally tapering from a central bore 703 to an outside edge surface 704 and the extraction features are diagrammatically shown in FIGS. 46, 47, and 48-55 for the sake of simplicity. Light developed by LEDs 705 a-705N is diverted by plug members 706 a-706N and into the waveguide bodies 700 a-700N, respectively, and such light is directed out a face 707.

As in the previous embodiments, substantially all of the light developed by each of the LEDs 702 is preferably extracted in a single pass through the each of the associated waveguide bodies 700.

FIG. 48 illustrates an embodiment identical to FIGS. 46 and 47, with the exception that waveguide bodies 720 a 1-720NM are disposed in a two-dimensional N×M array arrangement. As in the linear embodiment of FIGS. 46 and 47, each of the waveguide bodies 720 tapers from a central bore to outer edges thereof wherein such tapering is afforded by one or more extraction features (such as any of the extraction feature arrangements disclosed herein). The extraction features are shown in connection with the waveguide body 720 a-1 only in FIG. 48, it being understood that the remaining waveguide bodies 720 have like extraction features as well. Light developed by LEDs, for example the LED 722, is deflected into the associated waveguide body 720 a 1 by a reflective conical plug member (not shown, but which may be identical to any of the plug members disclosed herein) and is extracted out a surface 724. The embodiments of FIGS. 46-48 are suitable for use in applications where high illumination levels are to be produced, such as a streetlight 726 (FIG. 61), a high bay luminaire 728 (for example, in a gasoline retail or distribution facility, such as seen in FIG. 62), interior commercial lighting, retail lighting, or the like. Preferably, the embodiments of FIGS. 46-48 (as well as other embodiments disclosed herein) are adapted for use in illumination applications where illumination levels of greater than about 1000 lumens are to be produced, and more preferably where illumination levels between about 1000 and about 50,000 lumens are to be produced. More particularly, the embodiments disclosed herein in FIG. 46 et seq. may be employed in the following applications:

-   -   1) In a high bay or similar application where the luminaire is         greater than about twenty feet above the surface to be         illuminated and where 20,000-50,000 lumens are to be developed;     -   2) In a low bay or similar application where the luminaire is         less than about 20 feet above the surface to be illuminated and         where 5000-20,000 lumens are to be developed;     -   3) Area or recessed down lights, for example, intended to be         about 8-14 feet above the surface to be illuminated and emitting         between about 2000 and 8000 lumens; and     -   4) Other applications, such as narrow beam or directional lights         developing about 1000-3000 lumens, such as spotlights or lamps.

FIGS. 49-51 illustrate an embodiment of a waveguide 740 that is used in combination with a linear array of LEDs 742 a, 742 b, 742 c, . . . , 742N. The waveguide 740 may include one or more of any of the extraction features disclosed herein similar or identical to the waveguides described previously, wherein the extraction features form tapered outer walls 744, 746, 748, 750. The LEDs 742 are disposed in bores 752 a, 752 b, . . . , 752N, respectively, as are conical plug members 754 a, 754 b, . . . 754N. The bores 752 are disposed in a central planar section 756 of the waveguide 740. If necessary or desirable, one or more extraction features may also be located in central section 756 for example, as illustrated by the extraction feature 758 of FIG. 50. Still further, one or more extraction features 759 may be disposed in a lower surface, if desired. Still further, the waveguide 740 may be combined with other identical waveguides 740 in a single light fixture to obtain high illumination levels.

FIGS. 52 and 53 illustrate an embodiment of a waveguide 760 identical to the embodiment of FIGS. 49-51, with the exception that LEDs 762 are disposed in a two-dimensional array in a central section 764, as opposed to the linear array of FIGS. 49-51. Conical plug members 766 are disposed in bores 768 opposite the LEDs 762. The waveguide 760 includes outer sections 770, 772, 774, and 776 having one or more extraction features therein that result in such sections being tapered. As in the previous embodiments, one or more extraction features 778 (FIG. 53) may also be disposed in the central section 764. As in the previous embodiment, one or more extraction features 779 may be disposed in a lower surface, if desired. As in the previous embodiment, the waveguide 760 may be combined with other similar or identical waveguides 740 and/or 760 in a single light fixture to obtain high illumination levels.

The embodiments of FIGS. 49-53 may not extract light as efficiently as the other waveguides disclosed herein; however, the waveguides may be simpler to produce, and thus useful in a low-cost application where high output illumination levels are to be achieved.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 49-53, and more generally in any of the embodiments disclosed herein that utilize multiple waveguides, depending on the application, one could provide an air gap between waveguides, or a reflective material (specular, diffuse, metal, or dielectric) that fills the gaps between and/or is coated on the end of each or some of the waveguides. Still further, one could provide an optical coupling material between waveguides and/or at one or more ends of a waveguide array that matches the index of refraction of the waveguide material or that creates an index of refraction differential with adjacent waveguide(s) or the surrounding environment. Still further, an opaque material may be coated on or disposed between two or more waveguides of an array or may be provided at one or more ends of an array. These materials can the gap between waveguides and/or be coated on one or more waveguides. Such materials(s) can also or alternatively be provided about some or all of a waveguide array perimeter.

FIGS. 54 and 55 illustrate a two-dimensional waveguide array arrangement 800 wherein a number of separate waveguides 802 are disposed closely adjacent one another. Each of the waveguides 802 may be similar or identical to any of the embodiments disclosed herein. Also, each of the waveguides 802 is mounted by a gimbal or other suitable mounting structure to a supporting structure 806 so that the waveguides may be adjustably positioned in two dimensions. Still further, each of the waveguides 802 includes extraction features in outer sections thereof to form tapered regions so that light developed by an associated LED 808 is deflected by a conical plug member 810 into the waveguide 802 and is emitted out a lower surface 812 preferably during a single pass of such light through the waveguide 802. Each of the waveguides 802 may be moved independently of the remaining waveguides so that illumination can be directed onto a target surface in a desired fashion. This embodiment may be used for general illumination, for example, in a downlight or a troffer.

FIG. 56 comprises a still further embodiment of a waveguide 900 comprising a waveguide body 902 having a lower surface 903 disposed atop a reflective layer 904 comprising a sheet of 0.425 mm thick White97 paper available from WhiteOptics LLC of Newark, Del. and a circuit board substrate 905. The waveguide body 902 includes an interior coupling cavity or recess 906 in the form of a 3.2 mm diameter through hole and one or more LEDs 907 are connected to and receive power from components carried by the circuit board substrate 905 and are disposed in one end of the internal recess 906. A plug member 908 includes an overhanging circumferential flange 909 that is secured atop a second end of the recess 906 such that a conical portion 910 extends into the recess 906. Alternatively, as seen in FIG. 57, the circumferential flange 909 may be omitted and the plug member 908 may be press-fitted, friction fitted, and/or secured by an adhesive or made integral with the waveguide body 902.

Still further, as in any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the LEDs 907 and plug member 908 may be omitted and the LEDs 514 arranged on the cylindrical carrier 516 of FIGS. 43-45 may extend into the interior recess 906, in which case the interior recess may be a blind bore.

In each of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 56 and 57, extraction features 912 are disposed in a surface 914 of the waveguide body 902. The extraction features 912 are similar or identical to any of the extraction features disclosed herein. If desired, one or more extraction features may alternatively or in addition be disposed in the surface 903. The extraction features are designed to cause light to be emitted out of the surface 914, as opposed to the surface 903. If desired, any or all of the extraction features 912 may be polished or unpolished, as may the surfaces, 903, 914, the wall(s) defining the recess 906, and/or any other surface(s) of the waveguide body 902. In addition, optical performance may be improved by making the edges of the wall defining the recess 906 at the lower and upper surfaces 903, 914 of the waveguide body 902 sharp, as opposed to rounded. Preferably the radii of curvature at the edges of the wall defining the recess 906 at the upper and lower surfaces 903, 914 are between 25 microns and 500 microns. Still further, optical performance may be improved by ensuring full contact of the waveguide body 402 with the reflective layer 904, controlling the opacity of the plug member 908 so that a bright or dark spot is avoided at the location thereof, polishing the wall(s) defining the recess, using the plug member 908 of FIG. 57 as opposed to the plug member of FIG. 56, and leaving the extraction features 912 unpolished. The features that are used to hold the various elements in place can have an effect on the development of bright and dark spots.

The waveguide body 902 may be made of any suitable material, such as an optical grade acrylic or polycarbonate, a silicone, glass, or any other suitable optically transmissive material. As in any of the previous embodiments, the plug member 908 may be made of any suitable material (white polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), acrylic, molded silicone, Delrin® acetyl resin, etc.)

FIGS. 58 and 59 illustrate a modular tile structure 1000 that may utilize the same materials and extraction features of FIGS. 56 and 57. Thus, a waveguide body 1002 approximately 280×280 mm in size is disposed on a similarly sized sheet of reflective material 1003, such as White97 paper, which is, in turn, disposed on a circuit board substrate 1004. The waveguide body 1002 includes four spaced interior recesses 1006, although the waveguide body 1002 may include a different number of interior recesses 1006. Preferably, as seen in FIG. 58, the interior recesses 1006 are spaced about a distance dl relative to one another, and each recess 1006 is spaced preferably about one-half the distance di from an adjacent side edge of the waveguide body 1002. One or more LEDs 1008 (FIG. 59) may extend into each of the four interior recesses 1006, as may reflective plug members 1010 as in the previous embodiments. Extraction features 1012 are disposed in a top surface 1014. The design considerations noted with the embodiment of FIGS. 56 and 57 may apply equally to the embodiment of FIGS. 58 and 59. The tile structure 1000 is capable of developing a uniform or nearly uniform light distribution (e.g., a lambertian or any other distribution) and can be used alone assembled in a support structure. Alternatively, multiple tile structures 100 may be assembled together in a frame 1018 in a modular fashion to form a luminaire, such as the 2 foot by 2 foot luminaire 1020 of FIG. 60 that includes four tile structures 1000. Cross members 1022 and 1024 and/or other members of the frame 1018 may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, as necessary or desirable.

If desired, any of a number of diffusers may cover the tile structures 1000, such as a 3030, 5050, or 8080 PMMA diffuser sold by FusionOptix of Woburn, Mass.

FIGS. 63 and 64 illustrate a lighting structure 1100 that utilizes a combined interior-lit waveguide 1102 and an edge-lit waveguide 1104. The interior lit waveguide 1102 may incorporate a waveguide body 1106 similar or identical to any of the waveguide bodies disclosed herein. The interior lit waveguide 1102 may incorporate any of the edge-lit waveguide bodies disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. _(——————), entitled “Optical Waveguides”, owned by the assignee of the present application and filed contemporaneously with the present application, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 63 and 64, extraction features 1108 of the edge-lit waveguide 1104 are similar to extraction features 1110 of the interior-lit waveguide 1102. The interior lit waveguide includes one or more LEDs 1112 and a reflective plug member 1114 disposed in an interior coupling cavity 1118, as in previous embodiments. One or more further LEDs 1120 may be disposed in proximity with an edge or side wall 1122. The LED's develop light that is directed out a surface 1124 by the extraction features 1108 and 1110.

As should be evident, any number of interior-lit lit waveguides can be combined with one or more edge-lit waveguides, as desired.

A still further embodiment comprehends the use of a number of any of the lamps or light fixtures disclosed herein in any combination in a single combined lighting fixture. For example, the asymmetric extraction features of FIGS. 11D-11F may be used in a lamp or tile of any of the embodiments disclosed herein and may be combined with other lamps and/or tiles in a single lighting fixture. Such a combined lighting fixture may have the outward appearance of the luminaire 1020 of FIG. 60 or any other outward appearance. As noted previously, the variable extraction features provide an asymmetric desired light pattern. By using a plurality of these repeating or different asymmetric light extraction patterns together in a large single tile or multiple discrete waveguide tiles or other structures (each of which could also have multiple optical internal coupling cavities), a larger desired symmetric or asymmetric light pattern can be achieved over a larger illumination surface simply by the combination of the illumination from the patterns around the multiple coupling cavities. This increased illumination may result from the combination or “additive” effect of multiple tiles or structure with the same desired symmetric or asymmetric pattern, a repeating desired symmetric or asymmetric pattern around internal coupling cavities in a single large waveguide, a single large tile with varied extraction feature patterns (symmetric or asymmetric or a desired combination, as desired) or multiple tiles with different light extraction patterns.

While a uniform distribution of light may be desired in certain embodiments, other distributions of light may be contemplated and obtained using different arrays of extraction features and/or waveguide bodies, and/or waveguide arrangements.

Other embodiments of the disclosure including all of the possible different and various combinations of the individual features of each of the foregoing embodiments and examples are specifically included herein. Thus, for example, a waveguide of one of the disclosed shapes may include extraction features of the same or a different shape, and the extraction features may be symmetric or asymmetric, the extraction features may have differing or the same geometry, spacing, size, etc, without departing from the scope of the invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

In certain embodiments, the waveguides disclosed herein generally taper from a central axis to an outside edge thereof so that substantially all light is extracted during a single pass of each light ray from the LED(s) to the outer edge of the waveguide. This extraction strategy maximizes the incidence of light rays impinging on an outer side of each extraction feature and being reflected out a surface (or surfaces) of the waveguide in a controlled manner, as opposed to striking other surfaces at an angle greater than the critical angle and escaping as uncontrolled light. The outer sides of the extraction features are accurately formed so that control is maintained over the direction of extracted light, thereby allowing a high degree of collimation. Further, where the lamp is to be used for general illumination such that the plug 44 is above the waveguide, the heat exchanger 52 is effective to maintain LED junction temperature below specified limits so that LED life is maximized without the need for heat pipes and/or flex wires. Still further, the waveguide is very low profile, leaving more room for heat exchanger structures, driver components, and the like. Also, glare is reduced as compared with other lamps using LED light sources because the LED(s) are shielded from direct view by element(s), such as the conical plug member 78, and light is directed outwardly in the waveguide while being extracted from the waveguide by the extraction features such that the resulting emitted light is substantially mixed, highly collimated, and substantially uniformly distributed throughout the beam angle. The result is a light distribution that is pleasing and particularly useful for general illumination and other purposes using a light source, such as one or more LED's.

Numerous modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is presented for the purposes of enabling those skilled in the art to make and use the present disclosure and to teach the best mode of carrying out the same.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. 

We claim:
 1. An optical waveguide, comprising a body of optically transmissive material comprising a width greater than an overall thickness thereof and comprising a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a plurality of interior coupling cavities extending between the first and second sides each adapted to receive a light emitting diode, and extraction features on the second side; and a plurality of location structures extending from the second side, wherein the plurality of location structures are disposed on a particular extraction feature of the extraction features on the second side; wherein the extraction features are adapted to direct light out of at least the first side and wherein at least one extraction feature forms a taper disposed at an outer portion of the body between the first side and the second side; wherein the thickness of the body tapers overall from a center to an outside edge thereof; wherein each extraction feature comprises a trough, each trough comprising a depth from the second side; wherein a first plurality of consecutive extraction features each comprise a first depth from the second side; wherein a second plurality of extraction features each comprise varying depths from the second side such that each varying depth is different from the first depth; and wherein the first plurality of consecutive extraction features is disposed closer to the respective interior coupling cavity than the second plurality of extraction features.
 2. The optical waveguide of claim 1, further comprising a light diverter extending into each interior coupling cavity for diverting light into and along the width of the body of material.
 3. The optical waveguide of claim 2, wherein the light diverter comprises a reflective conical plug member.
 4. The optical waveguide of claim 3, wherein the reflective conical plug member is circular in a dimension transverse to the width and thickness of the body of material.
 5. The optical waveguide of claim 1, wherein the first side is planar.
 6. The optical waveguide of claim 1, wherein each interior coupling cavity extends fully through the body of material.
 7. The optical waveguide of claim 1, in combination with LEDs disposed in the interior coupling cavities.
 8. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop greater than 1000 lumens.
 9. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop between 1000 and 50,000 lumens.
 10. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop between 20,000 and 50,000 lumens.
 11. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop between 5000 and 20,000 lumens.
 12. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop between 2000 and 8000 lumens.
 13. An optical waveguide assembly, comprising a plurality of waveguides each comprising a body of optically transmissive material comprising a width greater than an overall thickness thereof and comprising a first side, a second side opposite the first side, and extraction features on the second side, and wherein at least one of the waveguides comprises an interior recess extending between the first and second sides and adapted to receive a light emitting diode; wherein the extraction features are adapted to direct light out of the first side and wherein at least one extraction feature is disposed at an outer portion of each body; wherein each extraction feature comprises a trough and a ridge, each trough comprising a depth from the second side and each ridge comprising an elevation from the first side; wherein a first plurality of consecutive extraction features comprises a first particular ridge elevation and varying trough depth; and wherein a second plurality of consecutive extraction features comprises a particular trough depth and a second particular ridge elevation that is less than the first particular ridge elevation; wherein the first and second pluralities of consecutive extraction features abut one another; and wherein each waveguide of the plurality of waveguides is rotatably mounted such that illumination is determined by both an arrangement of the extraction features and an orientation of each waveguide of the plurality of waveguides.
 14. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein the waveguides are integral with one another.
 15. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein the waveguides are separate from one another.
 16. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 15, wherein each waveguide is mounted on a gimbal and the waveguides can be positioned relative to one another.
 17. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein each waveguide comprises a first thickness at the interior recess and a second thickness less than the first thickness at an edge thereof.
 18. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein the body of optically transmissive material comprises multiple interior recesses and at least one LED is disposed in each interior recess.
 19. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein one of the waveguides is edge-lit by an additional LED.
 20. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, further comprising a material disposed at at least one of two locations comprising a first location between adjacent waveguides and a second location at a perimeter of the optical waveguide assembly.
 21. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein the material is air.
 22. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein the material is a reflective material.
 23. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 22, wherein the reflective material is a specular material.
 24. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 22, wherein the reflective material is a diffuse material.
 25. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 22, wherein the reflective material is a dielectric material.
 26. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein each waveguide body comprises a particular index of refraction and wherein the material comprises the particular index of refraction.
 27. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein each waveguide body comprises a particular index of refraction and wherein the material comprises other than the particular index of refraction.
 28. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein the waveguide bodies are disposed in an environment comprising a particular index of refraction and wherein the material comprises the particular index of refraction.
 29. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 20, wherein the waveguide bodies are disposed in an environment comprising a particular index of refraction and wherein the material comprises other than the particular index of refraction.
 30. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 22, wherein the material of at least one of the bodies is an opaque material.
 31. An optical waveguide luminaire, comprising: a plurality of modular tiles, each tile comprising: a planar waveguide body comprising a first surface, one or more interior recesses disposed in the planar waveguide body, LEDs extending into the one or more interior recesses, light diverters disposed in the one or more interior recesses and adapted to direct light developed by the LEDs transversely into the waveguide body, and extraction features disposed in the first surface and adapted to extract light out of the first surface; a first plurality of extraction features disposed about a first interior recess wherein the first plurality of extraction features meet at square corners; a second plurality of extraction features disposed about a second interior recess wherein the second plurality of extraction features meet at rounded corners; and a mounting structure rotatably connecting each modular tile to a supporting structure; wherein illumination is determined by both an arrangement of the extraction features on each planar waveguide body and an orientation of each modular tile of the optical waveguide luminaire.
 32. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 31, wherein each modular tile comprises four interior recesses.
 33. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 32, further comprising a reflective layer adjacent a second surface opposite the first surface.
 34. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 33, further comprising a circuit board substrate to which the LEDs are connected and wherein the reflective layer is adjacent the circuit board substrate.
 35. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 31, wherein the frame comprises cross members that are transparent.
 36. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 31, wherein the frame comprises cross members that are translucent.
 37. The optical waveguide luminaire of claim 31, wherein the frame comprises cross members that are opaque.
 38. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein at least one of the waveguides comprises asymmetric extraction features.
 39. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 13, wherein at least some of the waveguides comprise asymmetric extraction features.
 40. The optical waveguide assembly of claim 39, wherein at least one of the waveguides comprises symmetric extraction features.
 41. The optical waveguide of claim 7, wherein the LEDs develop between 1000 and 3000 lumens. 